THE NIGERIAN PROPERTY RATING SYSTEM: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The division of Nigeria into a greater number of states in 1976 resulted in the development of new urban centres, the rapid expansion of which raised the demand for financially supporting the supply of public services. Taxation on real estate is a significant contributor to the overall financial resources. Reforming the property tax is one of the options that has been suggested as a way to raise greater money in order to fulfil the monetary requirements of cities in less developed countries (Anumnu, 2022). Rating of properties is utilised at the local government level in Nigeria for the aim of raising money for public purposes. Rates are not imposed on the entire country, but rather, with the approval of parliament, they are placed on a specific geographic area that has been determined to be ready for the imposition of rates. This consent is not provided on each and every occasion in which rates are collected. The authority is of a generic nature, and it is bestowed by statute with no stipulations or time limits (Iloabuchi 2022). Due to the overall lack of interest on the part of property ratepayers and the unwillingness of some assessment jurisdictions to divulge information, the administration of property rates is frequently shrouded in mystery. This is based on the fact that the value of each taxpayer's property is at the centre of the administration of the property tax (rate), which ensures that each taxpayer will be responsible for fairly bearing his proportional share of the overall tax levy (Anumnu 2022). The proportion of a property's assessed market value that is used to determine its tax (rating) assessment is something that owners of real estate have a legal right to be informed about. Property taxation is the most glaringly visible source of money for a local government, and if it is to continue to function as the third tier of government, then the local government must have some local revenue in order to maintain its existence and viability. Not only does property rating help to influence development, but it is also the primary source of revenue for local governments, which is used to defray the cost of services provided by local governments. These services include, among other things, parks, burial grounds, and the registration of marriages, deaths, and births (Iloabuchi 2022). Although there is a slight difference between rate and tax, beside the fact that rate is a form of tax, while in rating the amount of revenue required by a rating authority is first decided and then distributed among the rate payers according to a pre-fixed standard in other kinds of tax the exact amount to be generated at the time of imposition is unknown in rating the amount of revenue required by a rating authority is first decided and then distributed among the rate payers according to a pre-fixed standard in rating the amount of revenue required (Anumnu 2022).

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

From investigation and empirical data on property rating in general and in Enugu state in particular, one observes a gold mine with proper handling waiting to be exploited as can seen in Enugu north it is, therefore the aim of this paper to examine the administration of property rating in the state, how well informed the rate payers are, their attitudes, improvement in the system, how well the system has been paying off, and of course, a critical appraisal of the system.

The purpose of this paper is to study and identify the sources of local government finance, its problems, methods of property assessment as provided in some rating laws/Edicts, the impact of control of rent edict on property assessment, prospects of property rating and make recommendations not only on how best to expand the local government financial base with particular reference to property rating system but also on how best to implement the rating in the country. The purpose also includes the prospect of site value rating as a means of boosting the local government finance.

​​​​​​​STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The local government reform law gave the function of rate collection to the local authorities. The valuation unit in the old Anambra State was staffed by civil servants. The unit organized tenement rating and prepared valuation list which were after due procedure sent to the rating authority to serve demand notices and collect tenement rates.

One of the greatest rating problems in most rating authorities is the problem of collection. The weak or ineffective administration has resulted in a high rate of default. For example in 1978/79 in the whole of Enugu north 21% of the estimated rate revenue was collected. Some rating authorities are now embarking on a commission basis.

The question of prosecuting defaulters is not actively pursued in most local rating authority areas for two reasons:

1. Most of the defaulters are the élites who will adjudicate such cases.

2. For political expediency landlords are political power brokers who chairmen of local rating authorities would not like to embarrass by prosecution.

Part xiii of this Edict captioned “Rating” which includes sections 103 to 146 empowers a local government area, in other words, a rating areas to impose property rating on property owners as a source of revenue raising. In Enugu state in general, and Enugu North local government in particular, weaknesses are readily discernible in the present property rating structures which in retrospect, prevents successful implementation of their service. Most of the property rating administrators at the local government headquarters is mere technicians, others basely literate which in no less measure hamper their sense of judgments as per the nature of the properties they collect data from, to be used by the rating valuers in the ministry of local government as Enugu, to arrive at the annual values of the properties. This problem was aggravated during the political era when employment opportunities were nation on political rather than qualification basis.

In collation with this, most property owners in Enugu are illiterates and do not know their rights.  Most of them do not know why they should pay property rate at all. Added to this ugly situation is the ambiguity mounted by the assessors (valuation officers) in their notice to the property owners indicating the assessed value thereof. They only show the assessed annual value with out signifying the actual rate payable. When most of landlords see these, they simply deafen their ears, and blatantly refuse to pay, misconstruing the annual value as the rate payable value. They are only brought to attention of this premise by litigation, which is not the best interest of the local government, the cost and time consummations.

Another factor is how to equate the rating burden of the property owners in the locality with the value of services provided by the government activity. Implicit in this problem is the question of how to improve the current deplorable situation and weakening rural development programs via sound administration of property rating revenue.     

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY           

The main objective for the introduction of property rating in the local government is to raise revenue from the source. Revenue, thus generated are utilized by the local government where the tenements/properties are located to provide essential service which the government grants cannot easily take care of.

      Local government provides essential services such as the supply of water and electricity, repair of wads and bridge, supplementing of the government grant for the payment of staff salaries not employed by the government. They also, have the responsibility to provide good drainage system and the planning of their local government area.

It is a fact that no government could long exist without the power to levy and collect taxes.(Barlowe.R)goes on to contend that the power to tax is the one great power upon which the whole national fabric is based. It is necessary to the existence and prosperity of the nation as the air he breathes is to the natural man. Thus the taxing power provides government with the major portion of revenues they use to finance their many operations and function, and it also provides a tool they can use for various fiscal and regulatory purposes.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This work can not be said to be a comprehensive work. This is because property rating is so wide a discourse that all its facets could not, within the time limit and the volume margin, be covered effectively.

Coupled with these constraints aforementioned, the Enugu State North L.G.A played a vital role in frustrating the researchers endeavours. Again, the notion of administrators that the documents relating to property rating were mainly secrets and could not be made available to researchers unless on government permission met with its own problem.

Further more, reluctance due to ignorance on the purpose of the research on the part of the property owners to disclose necessary information on their own parts of the administration was also there. This was so pronominal that most of them either refused the collection and filling in of the questionnaires or automatically dodged certain personal interview question.

Despite all these constraints, and with perseverance and strong commitments, to the task on hand, the researcher was able to break through, and gathered adequate data necessary to make objective deduction and generalization on the property rating administration in Enugu North Local Government Area, Enugu State.

​​​​​​​DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS

A) PROPERTY RATING: Also known as local government value of property paid to local government coffer as an amount per naira of the dateable value of the property. It is a local government tax based in rates, which are levied on the basis of ratable values of properties.

B) RATE: Payment for the ownership or occupation of something valuable, that is, rate is payment for the benefit derived or derivable from services.

C) RATEPAYERS: Ratepayers are the property owners whose properties are ratable. The word may refer to occupiers of the property or agents of the  property owners especially where the property owners is an absence landlord.

D) RATING AUTHORITY: Means a rating area or a local government charged with the powers to administer property rating. Where used in this write-up, it applies to Enugu north local government.

E) LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE: Is the management of inflows of money by the government, that is the obtaining (of income) and using (or expenditure) of fund.

PROPERTY RATING ADMINISTRATION

Property rating administration embraced the four board principal arms involved in property rating namely the assessment, the collection the payment, and the application machineries.  

OWNER: Includes the person for the time being receiving the rent of the tenement in connection with which  the word is used whether in his own account or as agent of, or trustee for any other person, or who would receive the sum if such tenement were let to tenant, and the holder of a tenement direct, from the state whether under lease, license or otherwise.

PROPERTY: The meaning of property varies not only among individuals but also among professions. T o Estate surveyors and valuer and in fact in legal sense, property consist not of object but of rights over or in things owned. In other words, property consists of rights which owners exercise over land which they posses.